Institutional Quality, Geopolitical Risk, and Trade Openness in Pakistan

Authors

  • Javaid Hussain Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
  • Hammad Ali University of Layyah, Pakistan.
  • Zubair ul Hassan Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.
  • Muhammad Faheem Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2024.0602.0217

Keywords:

Geopolitical Risk, Institutional Quality, ARDL, Pakistan, Trade Openness

Abstract

The present study investigates how institutional quality and geopolitical risk affect trade openness in Pakistan from 1998 to 2023, using the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) technique. Trade openness (TRO) is the dependent variable, while institutional quality, geopolitical risk, financial development (FD), and the real effective exchange rate (REER) are independent variables. Long-run results show that geopolitical risk and the real effective exchange rate negatively impact trade, whereas institutional quality (IQ) and financial development (FD) have positive effects. In the short run, geopolitical risk and financial development negatively influence trade, while institutional quality and the real effective exchange rate positively affect it. The study recommends that policymakers focus on improving institutional quality and refining real effective exchange rate mechanisms to enhance trade openness in Pakistan. Additionally, addressing geopolitical risks is crucial for achieving sustainable and improved trade outcomes.

Author Biographies

Javaid Hussain, Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

PhD Scholar

Hammad Ali, University of Layyah, Pakistan.

Visiting Lecturer

Zubair ul Hassan, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.

PhD Scholar

Muhammad Faheem, Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

Assistant Professor, School of Economics

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Published

2024-06-22

How to Cite

Javaid Hussain, Ali, H., Hassan, Z. ul, & Faheem, M. (2024). Institutional Quality, Geopolitical Risk, and Trade Openness in Pakistan. IRASD Journal of Economics, 6(2), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2024.0602.0217