iRASD Journal of Economics
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe
<div style="text-align: justify;"><em><span data-contrast="auto">i</span></em><em><span data-contrast="auto">RASD</span></em><span data-contrast="auto"> Journal of Economics (<em>i</em><em>RASD-</em>JOE) is an international research journal in the field of economic sciences. <em>i</em><em>RASD</em> Journal of Economics (<em>i</em><em>RASD-</em>JOE) is a double-blind peer</span><span data-contrast="auto">-</span><span data-contrast="auto">reviewed research journal</span><span data-contrast="auto"> that is published on a quarterly basis by the International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development - <em>i</em>RASD. <em>i</em><em>RASD</em> Journal of Economics (<em>i</em><em>RASD-</em>JOE) addresses the current issues being faced by the international economies and publishes articles related to the topics of economics and its related fields</span><span data-contrast="auto">.</span><span data-contrast="auto"> <em>i</em><em>RASD</em> Journal of Economics (<em>i</em><em>RASD-</em>JOE) is committed to providing open access to all its published content. </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span data-contrast="auto"><strong>Online ISSN:</strong> 2709-6742</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span data-contrast="auto"><strong>Print ISSN:</strong> 2709-6734</span></div>International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development iRASDen-USiRASD Journal of Economics2709-6734The Mediating Role of Agency Cost between Corporate Governance and Financial Performance: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2081
<p>The study's main objective is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance and the financial success of companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange 100 index in the presence of an agency cost. However, the second goal of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of corporate governance on the financial performance of enterprises listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange 100 index. The results confirm that leverage, board size, and CEO have a favorable association with ROE. Board independence, MOWN, and institutional investors show a negative correlation with ROE. Furthermore, CEO duality is a major predictor of corporate performance. Duality has a considerable beneficial effect on ROE. According to the studies, institutional owners prefer to receive profits quickly rather than participate in new breakthroughs, which is not beneficial to the organization's long-term development. A statistically significant negative connection is discovered with ROE, indicating that more managerial ownership affects business performance. Too frequent meeting is not always useful and help to improve the firm’s performance because it involves more managerial time consumption, more increase expenses in term of travel expenses and directors’ fees.</p>Sadia Bint RazaSalman Masood SheikhSaif Ur Rahman
Copyright (c) 2024 Sadia Bint Raza, Salman Masood Sheikh, Saif Ur Rahman
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2024-03-152024-03-156114416310.52131/joe.2024.0601.0199Prospective Analysis of Economic and Social Development Through Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Pakistan a Case in Point
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2024
<p>This paper seeks to link the concept of SEZs with social developments in developing countries like Pakistan. In the larger context of human developments, social and general wellbeing of the people is closely linked with the infrastructural enhancement, overall employment of human resource and economic growth in a country. Creation of SEZs is one of the mechanisms to enhance human hands’ engagement. SEZs create those environments which are growth centric in the most comprehensive manner. In the recent history of human developments, it has worked very well in China which raised living standards of the people in record times. The concept of SEZs is based on business facilitation at one place with minimum cost; yet attaining optimum proficiency. The paper is based on secondary data from the official circles of Pakistan and China as well as the literature review. The study follows a qualitative analysis of secondary data as available in publications and official websites. Since Pakistan was already part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the idea of establishing CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) prompted to develop SEZs in synchronicity for boosting the economic growth. The study also allows comparative views of SEZs especially in developing countries to draw relevance to those envisaged in Pakistan. In synch with the developments centered around CPEC; in Pakistan, the SEZs have started coming on grounds in a phased process. The study concludes with outcomes like creating similar conditions as those of Chinese to have compatible and comparable success standards in Pakistan.</p>Muhammad Zafar IqbalBashir Ahmad
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Bashir Ahmad
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2024-03-122024-03-126112814310.52131/joe.2024.0601.0198Effect of Public Investment on Health Population: A Review of BRICS Countries
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/1984
<p>This research aims to investigate the perspectives offered by the literature on health population in relation to public investment, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economics Policy Uncertainty in emerging nations. This paper explores and summarizes current theoretical and empirical studies on the issue. It begins by providing a summary of public investment, foreign direct investment, and HP in the BRICS nations. The literature is identified in a second way, utilizing conceptual and practical knowledge from published works. Furthermore, this paper clarified theoretical methodologies that describes how these strategies function. This work advances the fields of public investment, health population, foreign direct investment, and economic policy.</p>Tanveer Ahmed ShahidSaif Ur RahmanSalman Masood SheikhRubina Allahrakha
Copyright (c) 2024 Tanveer Ahmed Shahid, Saif Ur Rahman, Salman Masood Sheikh, Rubina Allahrakha
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2024-02-202024-02-20611910.52131/joe.2024.0601.0190Investigation of Causal Linkages Between Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2039
<p>Financial development is a driving factor for economic growth and is important in fostering growth. An efficient and effective financial system contributes to economic growth and fosters the performance of other economic measures. This study aims to investigate the influence of financial innovation on economic expansion to understand the correspondence between financial development and economic growth in Pakistan. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) are used for stationarity. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Model are employed to analyze the correlation between economic growth and financial development. The finding shows that financial development stimulates economic growth. The research explains that foreign direct investment and personal remittances adversely affect GDP growth. These understandings recommend that although financial development generally promotes, its results can vary extensively and depend on specific context-dependent conditions. Furthermore, applying CUSUM AND CUSUM of square tests to measure model stability convincingly confirms a long-term relation between financial development and economic expansion, disproving the null hypothesis of no co-integration and reinforcing that financial development is essential to domestic economies. Policymakers need to practice these understandings in actionable plans by highlighting financial innovations that advance access to credit and efficiently allocate resources so investment in education and agriculture can maximize economic growth.</p>Nimra IshfaqGhulam Muhammad QamriZeyyan AjmalQasim Raza KhanAqsa Akbar
Copyright (c) 2024 Nimra Ishfaq, Ghulam Muhammad Qamri, Zeyyan Ajmal, Qasim Raza Khan, Aqsa Akbar
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2024-02-212024-02-2161102610.52131/joe.2024.0601.0191Investment Performance in Green Finance: Assessing the Impact of Environmental Social and Governance Integration
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2048
<p>Stakeholder groups raise concerns regarding corporate commitment to climate change issues, as climate change is a big global problem. The impact of eco-innovation and climate governance on business climate change commitment is examined in this research. The pressure on manufacturing companies to become more ecologically conscious or "greener" is growing. This study investigates the function of comprehensive quality management and its impact on corporate sustainability, drawing on the resource-based view and sustainable development theory. This research also concentrated on the function of green innovation as a mediator. The intensity of eco-innovation, determined by dividing environmental expenses over revenues, is a score derived from the Eikon database indicating a company's ability to cut environmental costs. We also discover a positive correlation between climate change commitment and governance. We contend that businesses can mitigate climate change risks and possibilities by incorporating climate change problems into governance. According to our empirical research, managers and politicians should encourage the deployment of eco-innovative technology and include climate change issues in governance to increase business commitment to climate change.</p>Amna Shafiq MinhasNazik MaqsoodTanveer Ahmad ShahidAbaid Ul Rehman
Copyright (c) 2024 Amna Shafiq Minhas, Nazik Maqsood, Tanveer Ahmad Shahid, Abaid Ul Rehman
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2024-02-222024-02-2261274410.52131/joe.2024.0601.0192Does Gender Kuznets Curve Exist in South Asian Countries? Role of Gender Equality and Economic Development
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2038
<p>This study aims to determine the relationship between gender equality and economic growth in major South Asian countries. This study suggests checking the gender Kuznets curve or whether the data support a linear, quadratic, or cubic gender Kuznets curve for major South Asian countries. We used time series data and covered the period from 1980 to 2019. We applied the Ng-Perron unit root test to check for non-stationary time series data. After the integration order is established, the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model is used in three steps. The ARDL bound testing approach of covariance shows that Sri Lanka has an S-shaped Gender Cognition Curve (GKC), India has a Z-shaped GKC, Pakistan has an S-shape, and Bangladesh has an S-shape. is the -shaped GKC association. Periods of countries were considered. We also conclude that gender equality is not a direct result of development. Consequently, politicians with gender equality policies should subsidize women's employment in times of financial hardship.</p>Sobia LiaqatYasir BashirAmber KhalilWajid Khan
Copyright (c) 2024 Sobia Liaqat, Yasir Bashir, Amber Khalil, Wajid Khan
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2024-02-242024-02-2461456510.52131/joe.2024.0601.0193Does Tourism Development Influence the Economic Growth in Pakistan? Evidence from ARDL and Causality Approach
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/1996
<p>This study analyzes the influence of tourism development on economic growth (GDP) in the case of Pakistan's economy using the time series data covering the spanning from 1995-2022. In order to unveil reliable and robust results, a more appropriate time-series approach was applied for the current article. Time series unit root tests infer that all the variables have unit root problems at levels I(0), however, after taking the first difference I(1), all series turn into following the stationary process. Furthermore, (ARDL) bound test reveals that a long-term cointegration prevails among all analyzed variables. The Granger causality test is also utilized to check the causal relationship among the series. The long-run elasticity estimates examine a statistically significant and positive link between the sect tourism sector GDP growth in the case of Pakistan. Furthermore, political instability and inflation rate have an inverse influence on GDP growth, whereas, capital investment has a positively significant influence on GDP growth. In addition, it is concluded that tourism sector development helps to move upward shift in the economy of Pakistan by generating more profits for the country. Finally, it is suggested that goverment should have to focus on investing in the tourism sector and provide better facilities for tourists.</p>Mujahid IqbalAminah KhawerGhulam Sajjad KhanMuhammad Saqib Irshad
Copyright (c) 2024 Mujahid Iqbal, Aminah Khawer, Ghulam Sajjad Khan, Muhammad Saqib Irshad
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2024-02-242024-02-2461667910.52131/joe.2024.0601.0194Evaluating the Role of Natural Resources, and Financial Development on Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: An ARDL Approach
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2049
<p>The role of economic growth, natural resources and financial development on ecological footprints in Pakistan. Data is applied between 1980 and 2021. Using ARDL bounds testing cointegration approach, the result signifies that the financial development, and natural resources have statistically significant with ecologic footprint. however, the economic growth has positive effect on ecologic footprint. Natural resources, economic expansion, and financial development were shown to be the driving forces behind the increase in ecological footprint because they all have a positive and significant influence on it. In long period, Pakistan data also supported the actuality of the Ecofriendly Kuznets Curve theory. Hence, the situation is advised to raise public mindfulness of the implementation of defensible applies in everyday lifespan and the routine of environmental technology that offer the greatest efficacy and the tiniest volume of environmental damage in business and household actions. Ultimately, based on the research findings, a thorough policy framework was suggested, which would enable the Pakistan economy to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.</p>Rana Israr AhmadSharafat AliHafiz M. Rizwan KhanSadia Idrees
Copyright (c) 2024 Rana Israr Ahmad, Sharafat Ali, Hafiz M. Rizwan Khan, Sadia Idrees
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2024-02-272024-02-2761809710.52131/joe.2024.0601.0195Empowering Women through Financial Inclusion and Governance: Evidence from 30 Developing Economies
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2052
<p>Gender equality is rooted in the capacity of individuals to independently make decisions regarding their social, political, and economic well-being. Unfortunately, women encounter diminished opportunities for engagement in these spheres, particularly evident in developing economies. UN-SDGs has placed gender equality as a 5th goal in the framework. This study aims to elucidate pathways for women empowerment by investigating the moderating influence of governance within the realm of financial inclusion. Panel data analysis has been employed for 30 developing economies for the time of 2004 to 2020.Data sources are World Development Indicators (WDI) and the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). The labor force participation rate (LFPRF) was employed as a proxy for women empowerment and is treated as dependent variable. Governance and Financial Inclusion were examined as independent variables, with domestic credit to the private sector (DC) representing financial inclusion and governance stability (GS) acting as a proxy for governance. Gross capital formation (GCF) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) were included as control variables. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), FE, and RE regression models were considered appropriate after applying pre diagnostic tests. The study also employed Arellano Bond model for robustness. The Results indicated that 1 % increase in DC increased LFPRF by 1.05%,16%, and 0.16% in OLS, FE, RE respectively. Similarly, 1 % increase in GS increases LFPRF by 2.49% in OLS model and by 0.13% in both FE and RE model. The study also discussed the strategies to promote women empowerment through planned interventions in financial inclusion and governance.</p>Sadia MahwishFurrukh BashirFaisal Azeem AbbassiShahbaz Ali Khan
Copyright (c) 2024 Sadia Mahwish, Furrukh Bashir, Faisal Azeem Abbassi, Shahbaz Ali Khan
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2024-03-072024-03-07619810810.52131/joe.2024.0601.0196Hybrid ARIMA-IIS Approach for Wheat Yield Forecasting: An Integrated Approach
https://internationalrasd.org/journals/index.php/joe/article/view/2056
<p>This study explores the application of a hybrid approach, combining the Impulse Indicator Saturation (IIS) method with an ARIMA(x) model, to forecast wheat yield. The IIS method is employed to find potential impulse responses, which are then integrated into the ARIMA(x) framework. The IIS method captures the potential joint effects of the weather, climate and other inputs on the data generating process of the wheat yield time series. The performance of the hybrid ARIMA(x) model is compared with that of the standalone ARIMA model using various error metrics, including Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD). Additionally, model selection criteria such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (SBIC), and Hannan-Quinn Criterion (HQ) are used to identify the optimal model for forecasting. The training data of wheat yield from 1948-2018 was used to fit both the ARIMA and ARIMA(x) models, while the remaining observations until 2023 are used for model validation. The results of the study reveal that the hybrid ARIMA(x) model exhibits superior forecasting ability, demonstrating lower error metrics compared to the standalone ARIMA model. Notably, the ex-ante forecasts for the 2023-24 period predict a wheat production of 29.916 million tons using the ARIMA(x) model and 29.656 million tons using the ARIMA (2,1,2) model. These findings underscore the efficacy of the hybrid approach in enhancing production forecasting accuracy, thereby serving as a valuable basis for early warning systems to address potential demand and supply gaps in wheat production.</p>Hanzala ZulfiqarRizwan AhmadUmar Shahzad
Copyright (c) 2024 Hanzala Zulfiqar, Rizwan Ahmad, Umar Shahzad
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2024-03-102024-03-106110912710.52131/joe.2024.0601.0197