Perceptions and Social Identity of Women in Policing: A Qualitative Exploration

Abstract

Policing in Pakistan remains a predominantly male-dominated profession, making the presence of women in this field a challenge to traditional gender roles. Despite increased representation, female officers continue to face entrenched stereotypes and institutional barriers that shape both their professional identity and public perception. This study explores how women in policing are socially constructed and how they perceive their own roles, drawing insights from focus group discussions with policewomen, adolescent girls, parents, and members of the general public. Using a qualitative exploratory design, the study conducted 40 semi-structured focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was guided by Social Representation Theory and Social Identity Theory. Key themes that emerged included persistent gender stereotypes, identity negotiation in leadership roles, and structural barriers rooted in cultural myths. While participants expressed admiration for female officers, the societal and institutional inequalities were evident. Findings highlight the need to redefine policing competence to include emotional intelligence and inclusive leadership qualities. The study advocates for the implementation of gender-sensitive policies, public awareness campaigns, and systemic reforms to support meaningful participation of women in law enforcement.