Secondary & Tertiary Education, Health, Investment and Human Capital in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52131/jom.2022.0401.0065Keywords:
Human Capital, Tertiary Education, Health Expenditure, Investment, GDP GrowthAbstract
This paper contains a new human capital paradigm that measures Pakistan's economic development and human capital formation. The aim of this paper is to empirically estimate the impact of economic growth on human capital formation in Pakistan. Human capital is used as the dependent variable with govt. expenditures on secondary education, expenditures on tertiary education, current health expenditure and GROSS fixed capital formation as the independent variables. Data is taken from WDI and the P.W.T (10) for the period of 1990-2020. This study is based on time series analysis. In this study ADF unit root and ARDL techniques are used to analyze. gross fixed capital formation, tertiary education and health expenditures are necessary tools for human capital. Tertiary education enhances the productivity of individuals in Pakistan. Findings of this analysis argued that Pakistan has paid much attention to the quality of tertiary education and on current health expenditures and also try to the improvement of the net investment. It will be beneficial for the entire country.
References
AAyuwat, D. a. ( (May 24, 2019). ). Determinants of Human Capital Accumulation of Female Migrants in the Destination. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, Vol.2 No.2, 2019, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.co.
Ali, B. a. (2016). Human Capital and Economic Growth in Pakistan. Social Science Learning Education Journal, http://sslej.in/index.php/sslej/article/view/1486}, DOI={10.15520/sslej.v1i10.17.
Attanasio, O. P. (2015). THE DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF LIFE: THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND POLICIES. Journal of the European Economic Association, 13(6), 949–997. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43965288. (n.d.).
Castelló, A. &. ((2002)). Human Capital Inequality and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence. The Economic Journal, 112(478), C187–C200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/798367.
cingano, F. ((2014)). "Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth". OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 163, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en.
Cristian C., P., & Laura, D. (n.d.). THE DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN ROMANIA. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series . 2008, Vol. 17 Issue 2, p406-411. 6p.
Fogel, R. W. (Economic Development and Cultural Change). Health, Nutrition, and Economic Growth. The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 52, No. 3 (April 2004), pp. 643-658 (16 pages), https://doi.org/10.1086/383450.
Hoorn, A. (2019). Cultural Determinants of Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from the European Social Survey. Journal of Comparative Economics. 47. 10.1016/j.jce.2019.01.004.
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN FINANCE DIVISION . (https://www.finance.gov.pk/publications/YearBook2005_06.pdf). YEAR BOOK FOR FINANCIAL YEAR 2005-2006.
Human, d. r. (2011). Žmogaus išsivystymo indekso ataskaitos informacija. Retrieved August 8,2012, from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_TechNotes_reprint.pdf.
informacija, E. E. (2010. Retrieved March 11, 2012). http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=mny_stk_mcp_a&lang=en.
Ismayilzade, A. A. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on the quality of human capital for the economic development of Azerbaijan. J. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v8i1.639, 8(1), 26-39.
Khaomin D., D. Y. (2022). Human Capital and Economic Development. . . In: Trifonov P.V., Charaeva M.V. (eds) Strategies and Trends in Organizational and Project Management. DITEM 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 380. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94245-8_30.
Monika Sipa. (Via dei Fiori, 34, 00172, Rome, Italy http://ecsdev.org). The Factors Determining the Creativity of the Human Capital in the Conditions of Sustainable Development. European Journal of Sustainable Development ECSDEV (2018), 7, 2, 1-13.
OECD. ( 2008). Growing Unequal? . Income Distribution in OECD countries, Paris., https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/growingunequalincomedistributionandpovertyinoecdcountries.htm.
OECD. ((2014b)). Income Inequality Update e - June 2014: Rising inequality: youth and poor fall furtherbehind. Paris:. OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2014-Income-InequalityUpdate.pdf.
Orazio Attanasio, C. M. ( 2020). Human Capital Development and Parental Investment in India,. The Review of Economic Studies, , Volume 87, Issue 6, November, Pages 2511–2541, https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa026.
Pitt, Mark M. & Rosenzweig, Mark R. & Hassan, Md. Nazmul, 2010. "Human Capital Investment and the Gender Division of Labor in a Brawn-Based Economy," Center Discussion Papers 93916, Yale University, Economic Growth Center. (n.d.).
Porter, P. K. (https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2006-07.pdf). The Global Competitiveness Report 2006–2007. World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2006.
Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Junsen Zhang (2013). “Economic Growth, Comparative Advantage, and Gender Differences in Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from the Birthweight Differences of Chinese Twins.” Journal of Development Economics, 104, 245– 260. (n.d.).
Sakalas, Z. L. (2013-08-19). DETERMINATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL VALUE IN MACRO LEVEL. economics and mangement.
Sakalas, Z. L. (n.d.). DETERMINATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL VALUE IN MACRO LEVEL. ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT: 2013. 18 (2).
Sipa, M. (, Via dei Fiori, 34, 00172, Rome, Italy http://ecsdev.org). The Factors Determining the Creativity of the Human. European Journal of Sustainable Development ECSDEV(2018), 7, 2, 1-13.
Syed Mohsin Kazmi, K. A. ( October 2017 ). Impact of Human capital on Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan . Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI).
van Hoorn, A. ((October 11, 2016).). The Cultural Roots of Human Capital Accumulation . Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2850868 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2850868.
Yu, W. (n.d.). Human Capital, Social Capital and Economic Growth. Athens Journal of Social Sciences- Volume 2, Issue 3 – Pages 161-172.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ismat Nasim, Furrukh Bashir, Maleeka-Tul- Zahra, Altaf Hussain
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
